Our Joseph Johnston was born in New Jersey, moved to New York (1820), to Wisconsin (1844), then Minnesota (1857). His name was mostly spelled Johnson, his children used Johnston, and grandson Alonzo spelled it Johnstone.
CARLISLE, England - Ever suspected that your ancestors were robbers who terrorized the border between England and Scotland?
Armstrong, Elliot, Graham, Irvine, Johnstone, Kerr, Maxwell, Nixon and Scott were among the families who rode, feuded, fought and plundered over the border country for 350 years. All the family names of the Border Reivers, whose first allegiance was to their family's surname, are on a list kept in Carlisle, on the English side of the border. From the 14th to the 17th centuries the border was a turbulent place. Raiders stole cattle and women, burned homes and farms, and killed rivals without mercy. From surviving documents, such as court and property records and tenure agreements, researchers have identified 74 family names from that region in the 16th and 17th centuries. Some names have changed over the years: Johnstone becoming Johnson, for example.
Reive, meaning to plunder or rob, comes from the Scots dialect of the Scottish Lowlands and borders. "The folk memory of the Reivers has passed away, but their stories survive in the border ballads," says David Clarke, senior curator of Tullie House Museum. "We have music about them and (the novelist Sir Walter) Scott collected a lot about them and put them into his novels." The museum has made an audiovisual show about the Reivers the centerpiece of a $7.5 million restoration. The bell struck to warn Carlisle townspeople of raids is in the museum. Images of galloping horsemen, lookouts, panic-stricken settlers and the fires of torched homes and forts are projected on a 30-foot curved screen. Voices intone the fear of women waiting for raids: "The Reivers are riding to take what we stole from them that had been ours before."
The border with Scotland is nine miles north of Carlisle, but in Reiver times nothing was so definite. "North of Carlisle were the debatable lands, territory which was declared to belong to neither Scotland nor England," Clarke says. "The Reivers operated on both sides of the border. "It was peat moss and bog country, a huge tract of wet and desolate moorland at the head of the Solway Firth. You had to know your way around it or you would have got lost and died. Nowadays it's mostly quarried for peat or drained for farming. "Carlisle is a border city and changed hands between the English and Scots several times in the Middle Ages so the museum took up the Reivers as a very interesting, episode. It's become one of our main attractions." Clarke says the Reiver story is still little known despite George MacDonald Fraser's novel, The Steel Bonnets.
Fraser was astonished by the Reiver connections he saw in a photograph of U.S. presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon and evangelist Billy Graham together at Nixon's inauguration. LBJ's visage and figure were straight from Dumfriesshire where everyone was familiar with such lined and leathery faces, large heads and rangy, rather loosejointed frames, Fraser says. The Graham features were less common but still familiar, while Nixon was the perfect example of the Anglo-Scottish frontier: blunt heavy features, dark complexion, burly body and an air of dour hardness. Fraser says all three heads would fit perfectly under a Reiver steel bonnet.
"The Reivers were thieves, but warriors as well, and without allegiance to anyone outside their clan. Any English or Scottish king going to war here needed the Reivers on his side," says Chris Dobson, a Carlisle city official. He says the Reivers were eventually repressed, deported, killed or compelled to emigrate under threat of imprisonment and that many ended up in Ireland.
Haydn Charlsworth specializes in researching family histories around Carlisle and has traced Reiver connections for American clients. "Once you get back to the 16th century, it's pretty difficult to make strong links, but the Armstrongs are well documented, and the Johnstones," Charlsworth says. "Men who carried arms were liable to be called up by the sheriff so there are records of them." Visitors can get a "Reivers Car Trail" leaflet in Carlisle to guide them through 80 miles of Reiver country. It describes one of the most unspoiled and splendid parts of Britain as it was in 1590, just after the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Towers, churches and castles are still there, though often only as ruins, and so are banks and ditches, remnants of Roman forts built more than 1,200 years before when nearby Hadrian's wall was the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire.